The hockey stick controversy and the legitimacy of IPCC's research Paper

The hockey stick controversy and the legitimacy of IPCC's about the human impact on climate change - Research Paper Example The controversy also looks at the question of the sturdiness of the impost offered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These arguments have been taken up by the fossil fuel industry and have been funded by lobby groups that attempt to cast doubt on climate science. The controversy became prominent in the 1990s when a group of scientists who used proxy indicators to indicate temperature records in the previous centuries found different reasons that caused global warming and argued them differently (Jolis, 2012). A group of scientists such as Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley, and Malcolm K. raised some of those controversies by using statistical analysis of an assortment of proxies to come up with the first quantifiable hemispheric-scale reconstruction presenting global configurations of annual surface temperature. The graph shows temperatures that dates back to 1400 whereby they shaded the areas to show emphasis of uncertainties whereby the two standard error l imits were larger than in earlier centuries. The above group of scientists published a paper in 1999 that traced back climatic changes for the previous 1000 years using extended graph that showed a descending tendency in proxy temperatures from a medieval warm period trailed by a 20th century escalation and a steep upsurge in measured temperatures since the 1950s. According to United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Third Assessment Report (TAR), the year 1998, was the warmest year in the northern hemisphere for the last 1000 years. The above organizations used the controversial hockey stick graphs to publicize the featured information. The information became a focus for dispute for the people who were contrasting to the strengthening scientific agreement that late 20th century warmness was unique. Some of the scientists who were opposed to these changes were Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas. However, scientists later dismissed their publication as deeply flawed (McKitrick, 2010). I also disagree with the legitimacy of the previous research used by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since their research shows less dramatic results if techniques that are more reliable had been used to analyze the data. Later researches have shown that an increase in greenhouse gases due to human activity is a prime cause global warming. However, arguments in favor for global warming were already accepted widely as a prime cause for increased temperatures in the world. Conclusions made from other scientists shows that making the world warmer undoubtedly is not determined by reconstructions of temperature aforementioned to direct records. Most error pieces fall inside the stated hockey stick pieces created by Mann and his team of scientists but can be collected to indicate the late temperatures. There are major doubts about the correctness of all previous temperature re-establishments, and these qualms have sometimes to be glossed over by scientists who presented the hockey stick as suggestion for global warming (Regalado, 2005). Michael E. Mann, Raymond S., Bradley, and Malcolm K., have remodeled northern hemisphere temperatures for the previous 2000 years to incorporate a wider set of proxies than what was accessible for the original study and updated measurements from the late years. I the new reconstruction, different methods am used as compared to the previous methods used in the original case. It shows

Social care workers need to develop the knowledge and skills to work Essay

Social care workers need to develop the knowledge and skills to work effectively with people from similar and diverse background - Essay Example Thus, in discharging the professional duties and accomplishing social tasks, social care workers need to work hard and develop adequate cultural competence. Acceptance among the masses is a precondition to the successful workability of a care giver. Anti-oppressive practice should, therefore, be adopted and proper changes in the service-user communities should be initiated. In the course of cultural competence development, anti-racist practice must focus on the discriminations based on colour and race (Sue, 2006). Improvement in social work development and training can be brought about by the means of thorough comprehension of people’s family arrangements, social norms and values. Social work and support in a culturally sensitive environment has to be based on exploration of the diverse cultural heritages (Laird, 2008). Finally, the research question is in the form of the following statement: Social care workers need to develop knowledge and skills to work effectively with peo ple from similar and diverse backgrounds. Describe one model of cultural competence and discuss the potential benefits and limitations of applying the model. Therefore, this paper will explore a suitable cultural competence model and proceed on related discussions. ... A cultural group’s objective cultural attributes, such as art and music, are important and are included as implied assumptions. The primary and secondary characteristics of culture, developed from and expanded upon from Hage’s (1972) variable and non-variable concepts are nationality, race, colour, gender, age, and religious affiliation. Secondary characteristics are educational status, socioeconomic status, occupation, military experience, political beliefs, urban versus rural residence, enclave identity, marital status, parental status, physical characteristics, sexual orientation, gender issues, reason for migration, and immigration status. (Purnell, 2002) At the outermost interface of the model, the global society is placed. Next, there is the interface of community followed by the layer of family. The inner interface represents the person, the metaparadigm concepts. Inside this interface related to the individual, twelve cultural domains have been depicted. The dom ains are interrelated and they affect each other. The twelve domains are: 1. Overview/ Heritage: Includes concepts related to the current residence and country of origin, reasons for emigration, occupations, educational status, etc. 2. Communication: Includes concepts related to the contextual use of language, dominant language and dialects, paralanguage variations, nonverbal communication, etc. 3. Family roles and organisation: Includes concepts related to social status, lifestyle issues, child rearing, gender roles, family roles, etc. 4. Workforce issues: Includes concepts related to ethnic communication styles, assimilation, acculturation, autonomy, individualism and healthcare practices from the country of origin. 5. Biocultural ecology: Includes variations in ethnic and racial origins,

Case Study- Bayfield Mud Company

Case Study- Bayfield Mud Company Dilip Navjot Amanpreet Singh Introduction According to the case study of the bag weight problem, therefore the control department gathered the weight bag as a sample from three different shifts (morning, afternoon, night) every day. As per given report the six samples collected per shift, therefore the size of the sample is six. To analysis the report of three different shift, we will apply x-bar chart and range chart. Moreover we will take mean value i.e is 50, explanation given below. In addition we will also calculate the range chart figure for every samples in different shifts, which will be find out by applying formula (Largest-Smallest). Analysis D3(Value taken from Sigma table)=0 D4 (Value taken from Sigma table)==2.004 N(Sample Size)=6 Standard Deviation=1.2 Desired Control Limit 3Sigma =99.73% Formulation For X Chart UCL x (Upper Control Limit for x bar) = X-Dbl Bar+Zà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³x Lower Control Limit (Upper Control Limit = X-Dbl Bar-Zà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³x à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³x= is calculated by à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³/Sqrt(n) For R Chart UCLR (Upper Control Limit for the Range) = D4*RBar LCLR(Lower Control Limit for the Range)= D3*Rbar Morning Shift For X Chart For R Chart Samples Time Shifts Average Smallest Largest Range X Bar (Averages) 49.80 R-Bar (CL) 3.45 1 6 Day 1 Morning 49.6 48.7 50.7 2.0 UCLx 51.27 LCL r 0.00 2 7 50.2 49.1 51.2 2.1 LCLx 48.33 UCL r 6.91 3 8 50.6 49.6 51.4 1.8 CL 50 4 9 50.8 50.2 51.8 1.6 5 10 49.9 49.2 52.3 3.1 6 11 50.3 48.6 51.7 3.1 7 12 48.6 46.2 50.4 4.2 8 1 49 46.4 50 3.6 9 6 Day 2 Morning 48.6 47.4 52 4.6 10 7 50 49.2 52.2 3.0 11 8 49.8 49 52.4 3.4 12 9 50.3 49.4 51.7 2.3 13 10 50.2 49.6 51.8 2.2 14 11 50 49 52.3 3.3 15 12 50 48.8 52.4 3.6 16 1 50.1 49.4 53.6 4.2 17 6 Day 3 Morning 48.4 45 49 4.0 18 7 48.8 44.8 49.7 4.9 19 8 49.6 48 51.8 3.8 20 9 50 48.1 52.7 4.6 21 10 51 48.1 55.2 7.1 22 11 50.4 49.5 54.1 4.6 23 12 50 48.7 50.9 2.2 24 1 48.9 47.6 51.2 3.6 Afternoon Shift For X Chart For R Chart Samples Time Shifts Average Smallest Largest Range X Bar (Averages) 48.93 R-Bar (CL) 4.38 1 2 Day 1 Afternoon 49 46 50.6 4.6 UCLx 50.40 LCL r 0.00 2 3 49.8 48.2 50.8 2.6 LCLx 47.46 UCL r 8.78 3 4 50.3 49.2 52.7 3.5 CL 50 4 5 51.4 50 55.3 5.3 5 6 51.6 49.2 54.7 5.5 6 7 51.8 50 55.6 5.6 7 8 51 48.6 53.2 4.6 8 9 50.5 49.4 52.4 3 9 2 Day 2 Afternoon 49.70 48.6 51 2.4 10 3 48.4 47.2 51.7 4.5 11 4 47.20 45.3 50.9 5.6 12 5 46.8 44.1 49 4.9 13 6 46.8 41 51.2 10.2 14 7 50 46.2 51.7 5.5 15 8 47.4 44 48.7 4.7 16 9 47 44.2 48.9 4.7 17 2 Day 3 Afternoon 49.8 48.4 51 2.6 18 3 49.8 48.8 50.8 2 19 4 50 49.1 50.6 1.5 20 5 47.8 45.2 51.2 6 21 6 46.4 44 49.7 5.7 22 7 46.4 44.4 50 5.6 23 8 47.2 46.6 48.9 2.3 24 9 48.4 47.2 49.5 2.3 Night Shifts X Bar Chart R Chart Samples Time Shifts Average Smallest Largest R-Bar X Bar Average 48.65 R- Bar (CL) 3.36 1 10 Day1 Night 49.2 46.1 50.7 4.6 UCLx 51.50 UCLr 6.73 2 11 49 46.3 50.8 4.5 LCLx 45.80 LCLr 0 3 12 48.40 45.4 50.2 4.8 CL 50 4 1 47.6 44.3 49.7 5.4 5 2 47.4 44.1 49.6 5.5 6 3 48.20 45.2 49 3.8 7 4 48 45.5 49.1 3.6 8 5 48.40 47.1 49.6 2.5 9 10 Day 2 Night 47.2 46.6 50.2 3.6 10 11 48.6 47 50 3 11 12 49.8 48.2 50.4 2.2 12 1 49.6 48.4 51.7 3.3 13 2 50 49 52.2 3.2 14 3 50 49.2 50 0.8 15 4 47.2 46.3 50.5 4.2 16 5 47 44.1 49.7 5.6 17 10 Day 3 Night 49.2 48.1 50.7 2.6 18 11 48.40 47 50.8 3.8 19 12 47.2 46.4 49.2 2.8 20 1 47.4 46.8 49 2.2 21 2 48.8 47.2 51.4 4.2 22 3 49.6 49 50.6 1.6 23 4 51 50.5 51.5 1 24 5 50.5 50 51.9 1.9 Analysis Report   Ã‚     Ã‚   After calculating and analysing the three different shifts of three days. We can observe that second shift and third shift consistently out of control. Although, 21 Samples of range chart is only out of control which is 7.10 which is greater than UCLr which is 6.9. Despite, this is only shift which is in control.    By observing the second shift it is clearly seen that x chart is out of control, whereas   R chart of second shift is in control only 13 Samples is out of control which is 10.20 whereas UCLr is 8.7842    Now, for third shift, the X bar Chart the process is consistently out of control whereas the R chart is perfectly in control. Recommendation. In order to control the system, Company should be done some changes, mention below In order to build up the productivity, training should be provide to the new employees especially in the night shift. Another solution company can shift experienced employee in night shift to maintain the balance. Bayfield Mud Company should examine their machinery on regular basis as prescribed by managers. As we know a small issued can convert into big hindrance at the time of execution. Company should hire some quality control specialist who can take proper responsibilities of audit and track every problems with all documents in efficient way. Bayfield Company should do automated testing device to observe the bag weights.

Renaissance Artifacts Essay

OBJECTIVE Renaissance world-view can be characterized by its humanistic orientation. The objective of this work is to analyze cultural artifacts from the Renaissance showing how they reflect the values of the time and will incorporate the testimony of two experts in the field.    INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The manner in which the expression of values that exist within a civilization’s culture during a time period in their production of artifacts has been noted in the study of archaeologist and anthropologists who report the different religious and cultural beliefs that have been revealed in those artifacts. The artifacts of the Renaissance are no different and study of the artifacts of this time period reveals much as to the values held by those who lived at that time. CONSUMERISM IN THE RENAISSANCE REVEALED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the work of Charles Paul Freund entitled: â€Å"Buying Into Culture† published in the June 1998 Reason journal publication is the account of how one form of Renaissance art reflects the cultural values of that time evidenced in the statement of Jardine in the work entitled: â€Å"Worldly Goods† a 1996 history of the Renaissance. Stated by Jardine is:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Titian’s canvases of statuesque naked women in recumbent poses were regarded as learnedly symbolic by nineteenth century art historians†¦.Only recently did contemporary correspondence come to light which showed that these works of art were painted to meet a vigorous demand for bedroom paintings depicting erotic nudes in salacious poses.† (Jardine, 1996; as cited by Freund, 1998) Jardine gives the account of the Duke of Urbino referred to the painting entitled: â€Å"The Venus of Urbino† as a ‘naked woman’ and of how that he was visited by a churchman in 1542 specifically the Cardinal Farnese who upon seeing the painting: â€Å"†¦rushed off to commission a similarly erotic nude of his own from Titan in Venice.† (1996) To support the statement above of: â€Å"†¦a vigorous demand for bedroom paintings depicting erotic nudes in salacious poses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  being the driver for these type paintings which characterize art during this time period Jardine relates the fact that when a report came concerning the progress of the painting’s completion: â€Å"†¦the Papal Nuncio in Venice expressed the view that the Cardinal’s nude†¦made The Venus of Urbino look like a frigid nun. â€Å" (Jardine, 1996; as cited by Freund, 1998) Freund makes the comment in relation to the analysis of Jardine of the Renaissance that: â€Å"What we regard as â€Å"consumerist† behavior does not begin with industrialization and the manufacture of cheap, ready-made goods; it can be traced to antiquity. One revealing way to trace its past is through the proclamation through history of so-called sumptuary laws that attempted to control acquisitiveness.† (1998) Freund relates the fact that it was those selfsame laws that effectively and â€Å"expressly limited the quality of things†¦that any given individual was allowed to own or display† stating additionally that these laws had as their purpose to â€Å"†¦maintain the political and status quo.† (1998) The actual expression as noted by Freund concerning the work of Jardine is that Jardine is relating the â€Å"†¦the translation of material wealth into an assertion of individualism.† (1998) ACCUMULATION, PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE In the work entitled: â€Å"The Production of English Renaissance Culture† by authors David Lee Miller, Sharon O’Dair, and Harold Weber and published in the Modern Philology Journal in February 1997 are nine essays that review subjects of literature from the Renaissances time period. Miller, O’Dair and Weber have as their focus in their study upon how it is in this Renaissance society that: â€Å"†¦the cultural treasures and values of Renaissance England are entangled with the economic and political dynamics of accumulation, production, and exchange† p.1 (1997) III. SEXUALIZATION OF CHRIST IN RENAISSANCE ART   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Renaissance art was very focused on the depiction of Christ in a sexualized manner. The work of Janet Heer in a National Post article entitled; â€Å"The Sexuality of Christ† states that our ancestors â€Å"had a healthier sense of the body than we do. Where we fear to glance at the right nipple of Janet Jackson, Renaissance artists lavished attention on the penis of Christ.† (2004) Heer goes on to state that the art historian Leo Steinberg, â€Å"In his 1983 classic â€Å"The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and in Modern Oblivion’†¦.stated that: † †¦the first necessity is to admit a long-suppressed matter of fact that Renaissance art, both north and south of the Alps, produced a large body of devotional images in which the Genitalia of the Christ Child, or of the dead Christ, received such demonstrative emphasis that one must recognize an ostentatio genitalium comparable to the canonic ostenta tion vulnerum, the showing forth of the wounds.† (Heer, 2004)It is additionally related in the article written by Heer that â€Å"Steinberg demonstrated that these erotic images of Christ served a very specific religious purpose: they embodied the doctrine of the incarnation showing that Christ was fully human even though divinely perfect.† (2004) SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The Renaissance was a time of rebirth or reassertion and as shown by the works reviewed during the course of this study, the assertion of consumerism in the Renaissance society was a great driver in the production of art or artifacts from that time period. This work has further shown that the economic and political dynamics or the â€Å"accumulation, production and exchange† of goods is that which was the driver of the production of cultural treasures throughout the world during the period of time known as the Renaissance.   However, it cannot be said that consumerism only drove the production of art during the Renaissance. In fact, it appears that the art or artifacts produced during the Renaissance period reflect a spiritual shift in the world that was occurring in what seems to be a time that the world questioned more deeply their ‘human† selves specifically as to their inherent ‘human-ness’ and that connection to the spiritual world. WORKS CITED Freund, Charles Paul (1998) Buying Into Culture: How Commerce Cultivates Art. Reason June 1998. Online available at: http://reason.com/9806/fe.freund.shtml. Miller, D.; O’Dair, S.; and Weber, H. (1997) The Production of English Renaissance Culture. Journal of Modern Philology, Vol. 94, No. 3 February 1997 pp. 372-376. University of Chicago Press. Heer, Janet (2004) The Sexuality of Christ. National Post 2004 Feb 27. Online available at: http://www.jeetheer.com/culture/christ.htm.

The 5-Minute Rule for Overcoming Adversity Essay Samples

The 5-Minute Rule for Overcoming Adversity Essay Samples Overcoming Adversity Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! Therefore, diverse DNA would make more opportunities for evolutionary benefits. When confronted with adversity, individuals have to handle the circumstances in the very best way they know how. After you know the degree of your situation you are able to decide for yourself whether you wish to succumb to your very own financial difficulties or rise above them. Several problems are related to this form. There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. It's possible for you to tell someone who you trust to aid you out in proofreading. The thought of move brought a great deal of responsibilities to my parents. I see a few wording troubles. Overcoming Adversity Essay Samples Explained Based on an individual's situation, the want to succeed can become increasingly more urgent with the seriousness of the factors included in a scenario. As stated by the poet Horace, adversity will cause someone to reveal their true colours. In summary, struggling to overcome adversities is not so straightforward but once an individual makes to overcome them, they become a lot stronger person. Suffer now and live the remainder of your life for a champion. Saying you'll start and finding a means to start regardless of the bump gives a tremendous feeling of su cceeding, deep trust in your integrity and a strong feeling of security about the trustworthiness of your very own future promises. Leave nothing for tomorrow that can be done today. Be certain to have a very clear path ahead to decide on a new habit into place. Usually starting something new once you are already over-committed is a sort of self sabotage. Diversity comes in many forms in regards to people. Sustainability is all about survival. Do not be scared to provide detail it might have an excellent perspective to the reader, and could be gaining you a scholarship. Diversity, even though it could possibly be an intangible notion or quality, still requires tangible evidence. But once you discover how to overcome the difficulties life is going to be a smooth road to success. Please describe the character of the adversity. A Secret Weapon for Overcoming Adversity Essay Samples The essay does not have any grammatical errors, and a few of the short, punchy phrases reveal a high degree of rhetorical sophistication. The secret to writing a successful essay about diversity is to remain positive and concentrate on the outcome as opposed to the problem itself. If you submit the scholarship essay within the body of the email, it is going to be disqualified. Receive a custom made sample essay written based on your requirements. Be certain your whole name and email address are typed at the surface of the essay. This is only to demonstrate a point. There's no doubt that the essay has the ability to specify a student besides the pack, and is frequently the most challenging portion of applying to college. Luckily, you've come to the ideal place to discover the greatest remedy to every single academic writing problem that you're currently facing with your essay. Greatness does not need to be an individual accomplishment, as is the case in the realm of sports. Persistence is knowing you will never outgrow your fears if you don't face them. It is finishing what you have started. A positive mindset is important. Within this world, all of the fantastic things are made or constructed exclusively by perseverance. Simply take the attitude you will not be defeated. It requires regular practice to come up with the attribute of perseverance. There are various types of adversity and there are numerous techniques to overcome it. Make certain that there are not any obstacles to your success in the subsequent 3-4 weeks. Success all is dependent upon how bad someone really wishes to overcome an obstacle or meet an objective. The maximum obstacle I've had to overcome was thrust upon me. In addition, the reader is probably going to be pleased with the manner that Carrie imagines her audience's reaction. People, that are famous and have a great deal of money, never face adversity. My story is a typical one that countless men and women have faced. You've overcome your adversity and there's not any reason to embellish the particulars. Perhaps the aim is to get physically fit and they choose to walk for 30 minutes five times every week and commit to start Monday. Individuals can reach a point at the place where they can't cope with the consequences of adversity in their lives. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline.

Essay Bayeux Tapestry Experience - 1434 Words

Bayeux Tapestry Experience Rachel Louderback HUM111 Professor Lafferty May 27, 2012 It was an honor to fight for Duke Williams right to be crowned King in the battle of Hastings on the 14th of October 1066. The battle of Hastings was one of the most memorable and successful battles that I have ever participated in as a Norman soldier. The Duke of Normandy, William, prepared for the battle against the King of England, Harold, months in advance. It all started after the death of King Edward, the Confessor died the 5th of January 1066 without an official heir to the throne (BBC, 2011). The day after King Edwards death, Harold claimed the throne to be King Harold II of England, illegally. Once†¦show more content†¦Us soldiers were never given the length in time we were going to be at this camp. Our time here was spent building parts of wooden castles that we were to take with us to the battle field. The smell of freshly cut wood once again made me and the other soldiers anxious to go into battle. While building and preparing ourselves for battle, some of us so ldiers spoke of the land that Duke William had promised us when we conquered England. At one point it felt like I was never going to receive that land as for the days kept going by and no news of moving out had been spoken of. As the days went on, I noticed they started to become cooler. Finally late September, Duke Williams received the news that Harald Hardrada and Tostig launched their invasion of Northumbria. Our day to invasion of the south was coming fast. It was just a few days after Duke Williams received the great news that our fleet of ships set sail. We all worked hard to load the ships with weapons, armor, pre-built wooden castles, food and drinks. The smell of the sea air never smelt any better than it did on that day. 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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deliberative Democracy

The advocates of the criticisms of liberal democracy suggest its replacement with a more egalitarian version called deliberative democracy. Deliberative democracy contrast with interest-based democracy in several ways. Deliberative democracy encourages the meeting of people to decide public ends and policies through rational discussion. It impels free and equal deliberations among participants. And a consensus is the preferred outcome of such discussions. Even when consensus eludes the participants, all possible care is taken to bring the ultimate decision closer to the collective judgment rather than simply presuming it as the aggregate of private preferences (xxx, xxx). Deliberative democracy has potentials to reduce the exclusionary†¦show more content†¦This is essential to mean that the essence of democracy should be the ability to speak across differences of culture, social positions and needs without necessarily erasing them. Preserving and listening across such differences of position and perspective causes the transformation in preferences (xxx, xxx). Generally, it can be said that self-determination and deliberative democracy are integrally linked. First, deliberative democracy can help identify: (1) whether a group qualifies for the right to self-determination by better ascertaining its members’ subjective beliefs and matching those with its objective distinctiveness; and (2) whether and how a group wants to exercise that right by better aggregating the individual preferences to a collective choice (xxx, xxx). Second, deliberative democracy can better deliver and individualize the group right of self-determination and ensure that the respect for the rights and well-being of each individual serves as a guiding principle for the implementation of self-determination (xxx, xxx). Third, deliberative democracy can augment the instrumental value of self-determination and promote more efficient policies and institutions, both during self-determination by discerning whether self-determination is welfare-improving and after the ent renchment of the new political status by reducing political transaction costs (xxx, xxx). Hence, the above argument shows exitance of a strong link between deliberative democracy andShow MoreRelatedAlthough there are advantages and disadvantages to both a representative government and1300 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough there are advantages and disadvantages to both a representative government and deliberative democracy the benefits are largely dependant on the context of policy making and whose interests are being considered. 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