Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deliberative Democracy

The advocates of the criticisms of liberal democracy suggest its replacement with a more egalitarian version called deliberative democracy. Deliberative democracy contrast with interest-based democracy in several ways. Deliberative democracy encourages the meeting of people to decide public ends and policies through rational discussion. It impels free and equal deliberations among participants. And a consensus is the preferred outcome of such discussions. Even when consensus eludes the participants, all possible care is taken to bring the ultimate decision closer to the collective judgment rather than simply presuming it as the aggregate of private preferences (xxx, xxx). Deliberative democracy has potentials to reduce the exclusionary†¦show more content†¦This is essential to mean that the essence of democracy should be the ability to speak across differences of culture, social positions and needs without necessarily erasing them. Preserving and listening across such differences of position and perspective causes the transformation in preferences (xxx, xxx). Generally, it can be said that self-determination and deliberative democracy are integrally linked. First, deliberative democracy can help identify: (1) whether a group qualifies for the right to self-determination by better ascertaining its members’ subjective beliefs and matching those with its objective distinctiveness; and (2) whether and how a group wants to exercise that right by better aggregating the individual preferences to a collective choice (xxx, xxx). Second, deliberative democracy can better deliver and individualize the group right of self-determination and ensure that the respect for the rights and well-being of each individual serves as a guiding principle for the implementation of self-determination (xxx, xxx). Third, deliberative democracy can augment the instrumental value of self-determination and promote more efficient policies and institutions, both during self-determination by discerning whether self-determination is welfare-improving and after the ent renchment of the new political status by reducing political transaction costs (xxx, xxx). Hence, the above argument shows exitance of a strong link between deliberative democracy andShow MoreRelatedAlthough there are advantages and disadvantages to both a representative government and1300 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough there are advantages and disadvantages to both a representative government and deliberative democracy the benefits are largely dependant on the context of policy making and whose interests are being considered. A representative democracy is one that is currently in place across Australia and, for the most part, the rest of the world whereby a group of representatives deliberate without unequal distributions to power on behalf of the nations citizens by denoting their beliefs, attitudes andRead MoreDemocracy And Its Effect On Democracy894 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy in its most basic form is a type of governing system ruled by the citizens of a particular society. The first form of democracy can be found in ancient Greece, and the modern form of Democrac y was established in part by the French revolution because it brought back the idea of rule by the people. Although, for most of history democracy was not viewed in a positive light. According to Mintz, Close, and Croci many people feared democracy because they thought the masses would not act withRead MoreFederalists Vs. 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At that time, all the authority was concentrated in the people, and it provided justice in every case. Over time, this idea evolved as far as our modern conception of judicial system and juryRead MoreResearch On Stem Cell Research Essay2087 Words   |  9 Pagesbody reject the stem cells. Notably, Naomi Pfeffers research, scientist in Great Britain have been analyzing the benefits and repercussions on using an unborn fetus for regenerative therapy and other medical research. Naomi Pfeffers looks at one advantage to embryonic stem cell research is the use of the cells for regenerative therapy and how quickly embryonic stem cells can repairs damaged stem cells. Also, Pfeffer discusses the differences between the regulations on embryonic stem cell researchRead MoreDemocracy2597 Words   |  11 PagesTITLE : DEMOCRACY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction of Democracy 2. Definition of Democracy 3. Types of Democracy 4. Characteristics of Democracy 5. Principles of Democracy 6. 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(Heywood, A. 2015) Recently the issue of whether or notRead MoreDemocracy Is A System Of Government2012 Words   |  9 PagesDemocracy is a system of government where the people will make political decisions. Which is either direct or influenced upon them. Democracy is generally accepted as the preferred system opposed to dictatorship, as it is meant to control government power, establish and protect freedom, protects minorities, encourages popular participation and disperses power more widely. There are two different types of democracy, direct and representative. Direct democracy, this is seen as the purest type ofRead MoreLaw and Justice4680 Words   |  19 Pagesarbitrary advantage over anyone else. He calls this situation as state of â€Å"the original position.† Rawls’s original position creates a hypothetical state of equality that prevents decision-makers from favoring a person in the decision. Thus original position forms a neutral theory. 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Foundation and Empire Acknowledgments Free Essays

The date was August 1, 1941. World War II had been raging for two years. France had fallen, the Battle of Britain had been fought, and the Soviet Union had just been invaded by Nazi Germany. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire Acknowledgments or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bombing of Pearl Harbor was four months in the future. But on that day, with Europe in flames, and the evil shadow of Adolf Hitler apparently falling over all the world, what was chiefly on my mind was a meeting toward which I was hastening. I was 21 years old, a graduate student in chemistry at Columbia University, and I had been writing science fiction professionally for three years. In that time, I had sold five stories to John Campbell, editor of Astounding, and the fifth story, â€Å"Nightfall,† was about to appear in the September 1941 issue of the magazine. I had an appointment to see Mr. Campbell to tell him the plot of a new story I was planning to write, and the catch was that I had no plot in mind, not the trace of one. I therefore tried a device I sometimes use. I opened a book at random and set up free association, beginning with whatever I first saw. The book I had with me was a collection of the Gilbert and Sullivan plays. I happened to open it to the picture of the Fairy Queen of lolanthe throwing herself at the feet of Private Willis. I thought of soldiers, of military empires, of the Roman Empire – of a Galactic Empire – aha! Why shouldn’t I write of the fall of the Galactic Empire and of the return of feudalism, written from the viewpoint of someone in the secure days of the Second Galactic Empire? After all, I had read Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire not once, but twice. I was bubbling over by the time I got to Campbell’s, and my enthusiasm must have been catching for Campbell blazed up as I had never seen him do. In the course of an hour we built up the notion of a vast series of connected stories that were to deal in intricate detail with the thousand-year period between the First and Second Galactic Empires. This was to be illuminated by the science of psychohistory, which Campbell and I thrashed out between us. On August 11, 1941, therefore, I began the story of that interregnum and called it â€Å"Foundation.† In it, I described how the psychohistorian, Hari Seldon, established a pair of Foundations at opposite ends of the Universe under such circumstances as to make sure that the forces of history would bring about the second Empire after one thousand years instead of the thirty thousand that would be required otherwise. The story was submitted on September 8 and, to make sure that Campbell really meant what he said about a series, I ended â€Å"Foundation† on a cliff-hanger. Thus, it seemed to me, he would be forced to buy a second story. However, when I started the second story (on October 24), I found that I had outsmarted myself. I quickly wrote myself into an impasse, and the Foundation series would have died an ignominious death had I not had a conversation with Fred Pohl on November 2 (on the Brooklyn Bridge, as it happened). I don’t remember what Fred actually said, but, whatever it was, it pulled me out of the hole. â€Å"Foundation† appeared in the May 1942 issue of Astounding and the succeeding story, â€Å"Bridle and Saddle,† in the June 1942 issue. After that there was only the routine trouble of writing the stories. Through the remainder of the decade, John Campbell kept my nose to the grindstone and made sure he got additional Foundation stories. â€Å"The Big and the Little† was in the August 1944 Astounding, â€Å"The Wedge† in the October 1944 issue, and â€Å"Dead Hand† in the April 1945 issue. (These stories were written while I was working at the Navy Yard in Philadelphia.) On January 26, 1945, I began â€Å"The Mule,† my personal favorite among the Foundation stories, and the longest yet, for it was 50,000 words. It was printed as a two-part serial (the very first serial I was ever responsible for) in the November and December 1945 issues. By the time the second part appeared I was in the army. After I got out of the army, I wrote â€Å"Now You See It-† which appeared in the January 1948 issue. By this time, though, I had grown tired of the Foundation stories so I tried to end them by setting up, and solving, the mystery of the location of the Second Foundation. Campbell would have none of that, however. He forced me to change the ending, and made me promise I would do one more Foundation story. Well, Campbell was the kind of editor who could not be denied, so I wrote one more Foundation story, vowing to myself that it would be the last. I called it â€Å"-And Now You Don’t,† and it appeared as a three-part serial in the November 1949, December 1949, and January 1950 issues of Astounding. By then, I was on the biochemistry faculty of Boston University School of Medicine, my first book had just been published, and I was determined to move on to new things. I had spent eight years on the Foundation, written nine stories with a total of about 220,000 words. My total earnings for the series came to $3,641 and that seemed enough. The Foundation was over and done with, as far as I was concerned. In 1950, however, hardcover science fiction was just coming into existence. I had no objection to earning a little more money by having the Foundation series reprinted in book form. I offered the series to Doubleday (which had already published a science-fiction novel by me, and which had contracted for another) and to Little-Brown, but both rejected it. In that year, though, a small publishing firm, Gnome Press, was beginning to be active, and it was prepared to do the Foundation series as three books. The publisher of Gnome felt, however, that the series began too abruptly. He persuaded me to write a small Foundation story, one that would serve as an introductory section to the first book (so that the first part of the Foundation series was the last written). In 1951, the Gnome Press edition of Foundation was published, containing the introduction and the first four stories of the series. In 1952, Foundation and Empire appeared, with the fifth and sixth stories; and in 1953, Second Foundation appeared, with the seventh and eighth stories. The three books together came to be called The Foundation Trilogy. The mere fact of the existence of the Trilogy pleased me, but Gnome Press did not have the financial clout or the publishing knowhow to get the books distributed properly, so that few copies were sold and fewer still paid me royalties. (Nowadays, copies of first editions of those Gnome Press books sell at $50 a copy and up-but I still get no royalties from them.) Ace Books did put out paperback editions of Foundation and of Foundation and Empire, but they changed the titles, and used cut versions. Any money that was involved was paid to Gnome Press and I didn’t see much of that. In the first decade of the existence of The Foundation Trilogy it may have earned something like $1500 total. And yet there was some foreign interest. In early 1961, Timothy Seldes, who was then my editor at Doubleday, told me that Doubleday had received a request for the Portuguese rights for the Foundation series and, since they weren’t Doubleday books, he was passing them on to me. I sighed and said, â€Å"The heck with it, Tim. I don’t get royalties on those books.† Seldes was horrified, and instantly set about getting the books away from Gnome Press so that Doubleday could publish them instead. He paid no attention to my loudly expressed fears that Doubleday â€Å"would lose its shirt on them.† In August 1961 an agreement was reached and the Foundation books became Doubleday property. What’s more, Avon Books, which had published a paperback version of Second Foundation, set about obtaining the rights to all three from Doubleday, and put out nice editions. From that moment on, the Foundation books took off and began to earn increasing royalties. They have sold well and steadily, both in hardcover and softcover, for two decades so far. Increasingly, the letters I received from the readers spoke of them in high praise. They received more attention than all my other books put together. Doubleday also published an omnibus volume, The Foundation Trilogy, for its Science Fiction Book Club. That omnibus volume has been continuously featured by the Book Club for over twenty years. Matters reached a climax in 1966. The fans organizing the World Science Fiction Convention for that year (to be held in Cleveland) decided to award a Hugo for the best all-time series, where the series, to qualify, had to consist of at least three connected novels. It was the first time such a category had been set up, nor has it been repeated since. The Foundation series was nominated, and I felt that was going to have to be glory enough for me, since I was sure that Tolkien’s â€Å"Lord of the Rings† would win. It didn’t. The Foundation series won, and the Hugo I received for it has been sitting on my bookcase in the livingroom ever since. In among all this litany of success, both in money and in fame, there was one annoying side-effect. Readers couldn’t help but notice that the books of the Foundation series covered only three hundred-plus years of the thousand-year hiatus between Empires. That meant the Foundation series â€Å"wasn’t finished.† I got innumerable letters from readers who asked me to finish it, from others who demanded I finish it, and still others who threatened dire vengeance if I didn’t finish it. Worse yet, various editors at Doubleday over the years have pointed out that it might be wise to finish it. It was flattering, of course, but irritating as well. Years had passed, then decades. Back in the 1940s, I had been in a Foundation-writing mood. Now I wasn’t. Starting in the late 1950s, I had been in a more and more nonfiction-writing mood. That didn’t mean I was writing no fiction at all. In the 1960s and 1970s, in fact, I wrote two science-fiction novels and a mystery novel, to say nothing of well over a hundred short stories – but about eighty percent of what I wrote was nonfiction. One of the most indefatigable nags in the matter of finishing the Foundation series was my good friend, the great science-fiction writer, Lester del Rey. He was constantly telling me I ought to finish the series and was just as constantly suggesting plot devices. He even told Larry Ashmead, then my editor at Doubleday, that if I refused to write more Foundation stories, he, Lester, would be willing to take on the task. When Ashmead mentioned this to me in 1973, I began another Foundation novel out of sheer desperation. I called it â€Å"Lightning Rod† and managed to write fourteen pages before other tasks called me away. The fourteen pages were put away and additional years passed. In January 1977, Cathleen Jordan, then my editor at Doubleday, suggested I do â€Å"an important book – a Foundation novel, perhaps.† I said, â€Å"I’d rather do an autobiography,† and I did – 640,000 words of it. In January 1981, Doubleday apparently lost its temper. At least, Hugh O’Neill, then my editor there, said, â€Å"Betty Prashker wants to see you,† and marched me into her office. She was then one of the senior editors, and a sweet and gentle person. She wasted no time. â€Å"Isaac,† she said, â€Å"you are going to write a novel for us and you are going to sign a contract to that effect.† â€Å"Betty,† I said, â€Å"I am already working on a big science book for Doubleday and I have to revise the Biographical Encyclopedia for Doubleday and -â€Å" â€Å"It can all wait,† she said. â€Å"You are going to sign a contract to do a novel. What’s more, we’re going to give you a $50,000 advance.† That was a stunner. I don’t like large advances. They put me under too great an obligation. My average advance is something like $3,000. Why not? It’s all out of royalties. I said, â€Å"That’s way too much money, Betty.† â€Å"No, it isn’t,† she said. â€Å"Doubleday will lose its shirt,† I said. â€Å"You keep telling us that all the time. It won’t.† I said, desperately, â€Å"All right. Have the contract read that I don’t get any money until I notify you in writing that I have begun the novel.† â€Å"Are you crazy?† she said. â€Å"You’ll never start if that clause is in the contract. You get $25,000 on signing the contract, and $25,000 on delivering a completed manuscript.† â€Å"But suppose the novel is no good.† â€Å"Now you’re being silly,† she said, and she ended the conversation. That night, Pat LoBrutto, the science-fiction editor at Doubleday called to express his pleasure. â€Å"And remember,† he said, â€Å"that when we say ‘novel’ we mean ‘science-fiction novel,’ not anything else. And when we say ‘science-fiction novel,’ we mean ‘Foundation novel’ and not anything else.† On February 5, 1981, I signed the contract, and within the week, the Doubleday accounting system cranked out the check for $25,000. I moaned that I was not my own master anymore and Hugh O’Neill said, cheerfully, â€Å"That’s right, and from now on, we’re going to call every other week and say, ‘Where’s the manuscript?'† (But they didn’t. They left me strictly alone, and never even asked for a progress report.) Nearly four months passed while I took care of a vast number of things I had to do, but about the end of May, I picked up my own copy of The Foundation Trilogy and began reading. I had to. For one thing, I hadn’t read the Trilogy in thirty years and while I remembered the general plot, I did not remember the details. Besides, before beginning a new Foundation novel I had to immerse myself in the style and atmosphere of the series. I read it with mounting uneasiness. I kept waiting for something to happen, and nothing ever did. All three volumes, all the nearly quarter of a million words, consisted of thoughts and of conversations. No action. No physical suspense. What was all the fuss about, then? Why did everyone want more of that stuff? – To be sure, I couldn’t help but notice that I was turning the pages eagerly, and that I was upset when I finished the book, and that I wanted more, but I was the author, for goodness’ sake. You couldn’t go by me. I was on the edge of deciding it was all a terrible mistake and of insisting on giving back the money, when (quite by accident, I swear) I came across some sentences by science-fiction writer and critic, James Gunn, who, in connection with the Foundation series, said, â€Å"Action and romance have little to do with the success of the Trilogy – virtually all the action takes place offstage, and the romance is almost invisible – but the stories provide a detective-story fascination with the permutations and reversals of ideas.† Oh, well, if what was needed were â€Å"permutations and reversals of ideas,† then that I could supply. Panic receded, and on June 10, 1981, I dug out the fourteen pages I had written more than eight years before and reread them. They sounded good to me. I didn’t remember where I had been headed back then, but I had worked out what seemed to me to be a good ending now, and, starting page 15 on that day, I proceeded to work toward the new ending. I found, to my infinite relief, that I had no trouble getting back into a â€Å"Foundation-mood,† and, fresh from my rereading, I had Foundation history at my finger-tips. There were differences, to be sure: 1) The original stories were written for a science-fiction magazine and were from 7,000 to 50,000 words long, and no more. Consequently, each book in the trilogy had at least two stories and lacked unity. I intended to make the new book a single story. 2) I had a particularly good chance for development since Hugh said, â€Å"Let the book find its own length, Isaac. We don’t mind a long book.† So I planned on 140,000 words, which was nearly three times the length of â€Å"The Mule,† and this gave me plenty of elbow-room, and I could add all sorts of little touches. 3) The Foundation series had been written at a time when our knowledge of astronomy was primitive compared with what it is today. I could take advantage of that and at least mention black holes, for instance. I could also take advantage of electronic computers, which had not been invented until I was half through with the series. The novel progressed steadily, and on January 17, 1982, I began final copy. I brought the manuscript to Hugh O’Neill in batches, and the poor fellow went half-crazy since he insisted on reading it in this broken fashion. On March 25, 1982, I brought in the last bit, and the very next day got the second half of the advance. I had kept â€Å"Lightning Rod† as my working title all the way through, but Hugh finally said, â€Å"Is there any way of putting ‘Foundation’ into the title, Isaac?† I suggested Foundations at Bay, therefore, and that may be the title that will actually be used 1. You will have noticed that I have said nothing about the plot of the new Foundation novel. Well, naturally. I would rather you buy and read the book. And yet there is one thing I have to confess to you. I generally manage to tie up all the loose ends into one neat little bow-knot at the end of my stories, no matter how complicated the plot might be. In this case, however, I noticed that when I was all done, one glaring little item remained unresolved. I am hoping no one else notices it because it clearly points the way to the continuation of the series. It is even possible that I inadvertently gave this away for at the end of the novel, I wrote: â€Å"The End (for now).† I very much fear that if the novel proves successful, Doubleday will be at my throat again, as Campbell used to be in the old days. And yet what can I do but hope that the novel is very successful indeed. What a quandary! How to cite Foundation and Empire Acknowledgments, Essay examples

Policing and Society for Private Businesses- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePolicing, Justice and Societyfor Private Businesses. Answer: Community policing may be defined as a policy, which ensures that the police is working closely with the members of the community (Short 2016). Community policing is a kind of policy that requires the police to follow a positive approach for addressing the issues related to public safety. Community policing builds ties between the law enforcement agency and other organizations such as non-profit organizations, government agencies, media and private businesses. The modern community policing movement focuses on the changes brought about in the role played by law enforcement from being reactive, bureaucratic to the becoming of an open, dynamic agency that works closely with the members of the community (Drew and Prenzler 2015). The term disadvantaged is used for individuals or group of persons who are either physically or mentally disabled; or financially unstable or lack political support and other means of influence (Short 2016). In other words, the disadvantaged group refers to the group of people who have restricted access to the natural resources and financial opportunities. In Australia, the aboriginals are usually deemed as the indigenous group or the disadvantaged group. The police officers are obligated to extend protection to every citizens of the country irrespective of sex, age, gender, religion and race. They are responsible for safeguarding every citizen from any offence and crime and ensure safety of the citizens (Murphy and Tyler 2017). In regards to the aboriginal or the Indigenous group, the police officers must pay more attention as the indigenous group are already the disadvantaged group who has limited access to the natural resources and become subject to social exclusion due to their disabilities and lack of political and financial support. The only remedy to improve the relationship is the promotion of programs or events that mainly focus on the helpful role played by the police in association with the cultural awareness programs may prove to be advantageous for both the parties (Kiedrowski 2013). Some of the examples of community policing include the problem solving and prevention strategies; partnerships; Community participation; analysis, evaluation and measurement and organizational development and change. In Australia, the historical relationship between the aboriginals and the police has largely been negative and has a substantial impact on the present relationship between the indigenous group and the law enforcement agency. In the past, there had been several reports relating to the racism and harassment conducted by the police officers against the indigenous group (White 2015). Over the past years, there have been several reports of incidents relating to the relationship between the police and the Aboriginal people. On one hand, several witnesses testified that the police have been behaving inappropriately with the community members whereas some non-aboriginals and police officers stated that the police officers were merely responding to the criminal behavior (White 2015). The South Sydney Youth services stated that due to the negative nature of the relationship existing between the two, the indigenous group only perceives the punitive side of the police activity and the police only perceives the criminal aspect of the community (Bartkowiak-Thron and Asquith 2017). Nevertheless, in the recent years, there have been improvements in the relationship between the local indigenous group and the police. Several witnesses have stated that the police have made several initiatives in addressing the issues complained about by the community members (Kiedrowski 2013). The NSW police have implemented wide range of organizational strategies over recent years with a view to improve the relationship between the police and the indigenous group of people (White 2015). The NSW Police was advised to recruit 138 sworn Aboriginal officers approximately with an aim to increase awareness about the issues faced by the Indigenous people and enhance the recruitment of Indigenous women permanently. Given the history of tension between the indigenous group and the police, the police officers shall be provided with trainings and the students shall be required to attend lectures to learn about the issues faced by the aboriginals. The NSW Police Force believes that as per the role played by the Police force, they must endow the indigenous people with employment opportunities (Short 2016). There are other intervention programs introduced by the NSW police force include interventions addressing the issues related to domestic violence, alcohol abuse, truancy that is faced by the indigenous group. The NSW Police Force strives to provide safety to the citizens of the state and expects respect in return from the community to which it extends protection. In order to achieve this objective, the NSW police makes sure that the employees of the Force demonstrates respect for the diversity of the community and that the policing procedure and practices comply with the culture prevalent within the community. The NSW Police Force has developed a specialist program namely, the Indigenous Police Recruitment Our Way Delivery (IPROWD) that purports to provide assistance to the indigenous group in acquiring education, developing skills and build up self-confidence to succeed in making a career with the NSW Police Force (Kiedrowski 2013). Furthermore, NSW has introduced PCYC or Police Citizens Youth Club, that is an organization which encourages young people to work with police and community with a view to achieve their and explore their potential capabilities. The role played by the liaison officer is to fill the gaps existing between the two groups whose past relations demonstrates distrust and imbalances. The ALCO program was initiated with a view to provide assistance to the police in resolving and addressing issues affecting the indigenous or the aboriginals by maintaining a good rapport between the indigenous group and the police (Theodore 2015). The aboriginal community liaison officer (ACLO) occupying a place between the indigenous and the police force faces several challenges as while exercising his duties, he is deemed the agent of the other by both the groups, which results in rejection by both the groups. However, ultimately, how the police force would perceive ACLO and how they would like to work with them depends largely upon the circumstances in which the ACLO is exercising his duties. Furthermore, since most of the prisons in Australia have the indigenous group of people as the inmates, despite the fact that the aboriginals include two percent of the countrys population. The NSW Police Force is of the opinion that one of the most effective remedy to prevent the indigenous group from landing in jail is recidivism, which refers to a situation where the individual reoffends and lands up in jail (Theodore 2015). The PCYC program initiated in Sydney is dealing with the problem by teaching the jail inmates job skills and boxing on prior release of the inmates (Bowen and Neill 2016). From the above discussion, it can be inferred that while the community policing has gained success irrespective of the least degree to which the community have been implementing such community policing, it may not enable the communities to take part in the policing activities. With respect to the high level of contact between the law enforcement agency and the indigenous groups in Australia, they are working in partnership with various governmental agencies and other community groups with a view to operate the policing activities in the own group. The community policing initiatives include the early street level interventions which prevents the youth from committing crimes and land up in jail; it also includes various interventions to address the issues and difficulties faced by the indigenous group of people including domestic violence, alcohol abuse, truancy and homelessness, etc. Thus, there are no universally defined criteria to determine good policing practice. Nevertheless, there are certain common 0structures that can be use to determine whether policing practice is effective or not is that the police officers must set their own goals to reduce crimes and ensure safety of every citizen of the country. Once the goal is decided, they must ensure community participation in order to achieve the goals. With the implementation of the IPROWD program, it aims at enhancing greater employment within the indigenous community. As the program was initiated to assist the indigenous group in developing their career in the NSW Police Force by assisting them to acquire education and other skills knowledge. The greater employment opportunity would enhance the income, residential stability and easy access to health care services. The officers as well as the entire community must feel that the goals set represent what they want to achieve, as this would enable the officers to undertake proactive approach in resolving he issues related to the public safety. Reference Bartkowiak-Thron, I. and Asquith, N.L., 2017. Conceptual divides and practice synergies in law enforcement and public health: Some lessons from policing vulnerability in Australia.Policing and Society,27(3), pp.276-288. Bowen, D.J. and Neill, J.T., 2016. Effects of the PCYC Catalyst outdoor adventure intervention program on youths' life skills, mental health, and delinquent behaviour.International Journal of Adolescence and Youth,21(1), pp.34-55. Drew, J. and Prenzler, T., 2015. Contemporary police practice. Haber, P.S. and Day, C.A., 2014. Overview of substance use and treatment from Australia.Substance abuse,35(3), pp.304-308. Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Miller, L.J., Somerford, P., McEvoy, S. and Bessarab, D., 2015. Strategic information for hospital service planning: a linked data study to inform an urban Aboriginal Health Liaison Officer program in Western Australia.Australian Health Review,39(4), pp.429-436. Kiedrowski, J., 2013.Trends in indigenous policing models: An international comparison. Ottawa, ON: Public Safety Canada. Murphy, K. and Tyler, T.R., 2017. Experimenting with procedural justice policing.Journal of Experimental Criminology, pp.1-6. Short, D., 2016.Reconciliation and colonial power: Indigenous rights in Australia. Routledge. Theodore, W., 2015. Native to the Nation: Disciplining Landscapes and Bodies in Australia. White, R., 2015. Indigenous young people and hyperincarceration in Australia.Youth Justice,15(3), pp.256-270.